hard是什么意思

短语搭配

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(1)hard time艰难时刻；艰苦岁月

(2)hard sell硬推销；强行推销

(3)hard work辛勤工作；艰苦工作

(4)die hard消失得很慢

(5)study hard努力学习；用功

(6)try hard努力尝试着；力图

(7)work hard努力工作；辛勤工作

(8)hard drug致瘾的麻醉品

(9)the hard way通过痛苦的经历, 通过出错, 来之不易

(10)hard and fast板上钉钉, 不容更改；(规定）硬性的

(11)no hard feelings(向争论或打败的对方表示继续友好)别往心里去, 别记恨

(12)hard going难懂, 费力；缺少乐趣的

(13)play hard to get故作姿态, 故作冷漠

(14)too much like hard work太费力

(15)hard drive硬盘

(16)hard disk硬盘

(17)hard on紧跟着

(18)hard by靠近

(19)hard labour劳役

(20)hard core中坚力量；中坚分子；忠实信徒；铁杆分子；恪守教条者；碎石；硬派音乐；赤裸裸的色情作品

(21)hard currency硬通货

(22)hard landing硬着陆

(23)hard up没钱；手头紧

(24)hard line强硬路线

(25)hard cash可兑换现金

(26)be hard on严厉对待；苛待；苛责；使受苦；对…不公平；对…有害

(27)hard hat安全帽；戴安全帽的工人；反动分子；保守分子

(28)hard copy硬拷贝

(29)hard rock硬摇滚音乐

(30)hard hit受到严重影响；受到严重打击

(31)hard of hearing听不清楚

(32)hard nut恶棍；硬心肠的人

(33)a hard nut难以对付的人；可怕的人

(34)hard power硬实力

(35)hard coal无烟煤；黑灰色

(36)hard feelings怨恨

(37)a hard nut to crack棘手之事；难对付的人

(38)hard at it忙得不可开交

(39)hard palate硬腭

(40)hard luck真可惜；真遗憾

(41)hard stuff烈性酒

(42)hard upon紧跟着

(43)drive a hard bargain谈生意毫不退让

(44)hard as nails强硬的；铁石心肠的；冷酷无情的

(45)hard done by被虐待；受到不公平对待

(46)between a rock and a hard place左右为难；进退两难

(47)hard shoulder硬路肩

(48)hard case倔强的人；难对付的人；古怪之人

(49)hard wheat硬粒小麦

(50)hard clam帘蛤

(51)hard lines真可惜；真遗憾

(52)be hard put觉得…很难；很难做到

(53)a hard act to follow难以取得的成就

(54)the school of hard knocks困苦经历

(55)hard error硬错误；不可校正的错误

(56)be hard put to it觉得…很难；很难做到

双语例句

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(1)If you don't work hard on your own, it's useless for others to help you any more.

你自己不努力，别人再帮助也徒劳无益。

(2)The mountain is covered with hard granite.

山上到处都是坚硬的花岗岩。

(3)Walking on the hard, I felt extremely relaxed.

走在穿过前滨的路上，我感到无比放松。

(4)I'm not surprised he failed his exam - he didn't exactly try very hard!

他没通过考试我一点都不感到奇怪 他根本就没努力

(5)There were some really hard questions in the exam.

考试中有一些很难做的题目

(6)I'm tall, so I have a hard time finding a suitable dance partner.

我很高，所以要找一个合适的舞伴很难。

(7)Doing well in school is about hard work and perseverance.

在学校表现良好需要努力学习和毅力。

(8)All five men are hard workers.

五个人全都工作努力。

(9)Hard work never hurt anyone.

努力工作绝无害处。

(10)It's pretty hard to explain.

这事很难解释清楚。

(11)That's a very hard question.

那是个很难的问题。

(12)I find that hard to believe.

我对此感到难以相信。

同义词

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adj. 努力的；硬的；困难的；辛苦的；确实的；严厉的；猛烈的；冷酷无情的

adv. 努力地；困难地；辛苦地；接近地；猛烈地；牢固地

反义词

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同根词

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词根 hard

(1)hardened adj. 变硬的；坚定的v. 坚定，变硬（harden的过去分词）

(2)hardy adj. 坚强的；勇敢的；能吃苦耐劳的；鲁莽的n. 强壮的人；耐寒植物；方柄凿

(3)hardship n. 困苦；苦难；艰难险阻

(4)hardness n. [物] 硬度；坚硬；困难；冷酷

(5)hardening n. 硬化；淬火；锻炼v. 硬化；使强壮（harden的ing形式）

(6)harden vi. 变硬，变坚固；变坚强；变冷酷vt. 使…变硬；使…坚强；使…冷酷；使…麻木不仁

单词辨析

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困难

(1)difficult 比hard较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。

(2)hard 含义广，通俗用词，与easy相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。

坚定的；结实的

(1)solid 着重质地紧密、坚实和无间隙，含有在外部压力下仍可保持原有形状的意味。

(2)firm 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。

(3)hard 侧重有抗拒压力或拉力的性质，但不一定有弹性。

释义

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adj.

solid, firm, and rigid; not easily broken, bent, or pierced

坚实的；牢固的；坚硬的

a hard mattress

硬垫子

rub the varnish down when it's hard.

等清漆硬了以后把它磨平。

(of a person)not showing any signs of weakness; tough

（人）坚强的；能力强的；能应付困境的

only a handful are hard enough to join the SAS.

只有屈指可数的几个够坚强的人可以加入英国特种航空队。

(of prices of shares, commodities, etc.)high and stable; firm

（股票价格，商品价格）稳健的。

(of science fiction)scientifically accurate rather than purely fantastic or whimsical

（科幻小说）具有科学准确性（而非纯粹幻想或离奇古怪）的，硬（科幻）的

a hard SF novel.

硬科幻小说。

done with a great deal of force or strength

猛烈的，沉重的

a hard whack.

重击。

requiring a great deal of endurance or effort

难以忍受的；困苦的

airship-flying was pretty hard work

驾驶飞艇曾是件艰苦的工作

it's hard for drummers these days

最近旅行推销员的日子不好过

[with infinitive]she found it hard to believe that he could be involved.

　她感到很难相信他会卷入其中。

putting a lot of energy into an activity

努力的

he'd been a hard worker all his life

他一辈子努力工作

everyone has been hard at work.

所有的人都一直努力工作。

difficult to bear; causing suffering

难以承受的；艰苦的

times were hard at the end of the war

战争结束后生活十分艰苦

he'd had a hard life.

他一生艰辛。

difficult to understand or solve

难懂的；难解的

this is a really hard question.

这真是个令人费解的问题。

not showing sympathy or affection; strict

冷酷无情的；严格的

he can be such a hard taskmaster.

他就会是这么一个冷酷的工头。

denoting an extreme or dogmatic faction within a political party

（政党内部派别）极端的；固执己见的

the hard left.

极左派。

(of a season or the weather)severe

（季节，天气）严酷的；凛冽的

it's been a long, hard winter.

这是个漫长而严酷的冬天。

harsh or unpleasant to the senses

（感觉上）难受的；刺目的；刺耳的；令人不快的

the hard light of morning.

上午刺目的强光。

(of wine)harsh or sharp to the taste, especially because of tannin

（尤指葡萄酒因含有单宁酸而）苦涩的；烈的。

(of information)reliable, especially because based on something true or substantiated

（信息，资料）可靠的；确凿无疑的；真实的

hard facts about the underclass are maddeningly elusive.

有关下层阶级的真实情况令人恼火地难以捉摸。

(of a subject of study)dealing with precise and verifiable facts

（学科）实证的，硬的

efforts to turn psychology into hard science.

把心理学变成硬科学的努力。

very potent, powerful, or intense, in particular

有力的，强烈的，尤指：

(of liquor)strongly alcoholic; spirit rather than beer or wine

（烈性酒）烈性强的，度数高的（指烈酒而非啤酒或葡萄酒）。

(of a drug)potent and addictive

（毒品）毒性强的；易上瘾的。

(of radiation)highly penetrating

（辐射）穿透力强的。

(of pornography)highly obscene and explicit

（色情作品）淫秽的；极黄色的。

(of water)containing mineral salts that make lathering difficult

（水）含无机盐的。

(of a consonant)pronounced as a velar plosive (as c in cat, g in go)

（辅音）软腭爆破音（如cat中的c, go中的g）。

adv.

with a great deal of effort

努力地

they work hard at school.

他们在学校努力学习。

with a great deal of force; violently

猛烈地

it was raining hard.

雨下得很大。

so as to be solid or firm

变坚硬地

the mortar has set hard.

灰泥已经变干硬了。

to the fullest extent possible

在最大程度上；满满地；完全的

put the wheel hard over to starboard.

右满舵。

n.

Brit. a road leading down across a foreshore

〈英〉 海滩路。

短语

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be hard on 1 treat or criticize （someone） severely 严厉对待；苛待；苛责 you're being too hard on her. 你对她太严厉了

2 be difficult for or unfair to 使受苦；对…不公平 I think the war must have been hard on her. 我想战争一定使她吃了不少苦

3 be likely to hurt or damage 对… 有害 the monitor flickers, which is hard on the eyes. 显示器闪烁不定，这对眼睛有害

be hard put （to it） ［usu. with infinitive］ find it very difficult 觉得…很难；很难做到 you'll be hard put to find a better compromise. 你很难找到比这更好的折中办法

give someone a hard time informal deliberately make a situation difficult for someone〈非正式〉 有意为难某人

go hard with dated turn out to （someone's） disadvantage〈旧〉 对…不利 it would go hard with the poor. 这会对穷人不利

hard and fast ［usu. with negative］ （of a rule or a distinction made） fixed and definitive （规则，差别）不可更动的；无法改变的

hard as nails 见NAIL. hard at it informal busily working or occupied〈非 正式〉 忙得不可开交 they were hard at it with brooms and mops. 他们忙着用扫帚和拖把打扫卫生

hard by close to 靠近 he lived hard by the cathedral. 他住的地方离大教堂很近

hard done by Brit. harshly or unfairly treated〈英〉 被虐待；受到不公平对待 she would be justified in feeling hard done by. 要是她觉得受到了虐待，这完全有道理

hard feelings ［usu. with negative］ feelings of resentment 怨恨 there are no hard feelings and we wish him well. 我们一点也不怨恨，我们希望他好

hard going difficult to understand or enjoy 难理解的，难懂的；缺少乐趣的 the studying is at times hard going. 研究有时是很困难的

hard hit badly affected 受到严重影响，受到严重打击 Trinidad had been hard hit by falling oil prices. 特立尼达受到石油价格下跌的严重打击

hard luck （或lines） Brit. informal used to express sympathy or commiserations〈英， 非正式〉 ［用于表示同情、怜悯、遗憾、可惜］ 真可惜；真遗憾 ironic 〈讽〉 if you don't like it then hard luck.如果你不喜欢它，那真是可惜

a hard nut to crack informal a person or thing that is difficult to understand or influence〈非 正式〉 棘手之事，难对付的人

hard of hearing not able to hear well 听不清楚

hard on （或 upon） close to; following soon after 紧跟着 hard on the heels of Wimbledon comes the Henley Regatta. 温布尔登网球赛之后紧跟着就是亨里赛舟会

hard up informal short of money〈非正式〉 没钱，手头紧 I'm too hard up to buy fancy clothes. 我手头太紧，买不起漂亮的衣服

the hard way through suffering or learning from the unpleasant consequences of mistakes 来之不易 his reputation was earned the hard way. 他的盛名来之不易

play hard to get informal deliberately adopt an aloof or uninterested attitude, typically in order to make oneself more attractive or interesting〈非正式〉 （为吸引对方而）故作冷漠；故作不感兴趣

put the hard word on Austral./NZ informal ask a favour of （someone）, especially a sexual or financial one〈澳/ 新，非正式〉 （尤指在性或金钱上）提出要求

put pressure on （someone）　向…施压

易错必背词

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a hard worker 努力工作的人

(1)He'd been a hard worker all his life.

他一辈子努力工作。[经典例句]

hard work 繁重的工作

(1)With his hard work, he grew the rice that could feed more people.

通过努力工作，他种出了可以养活更多人的水稻[大庆卷 2021 中考 阅读理解]

work hard 努力工作

(1)Dreams are powerful and they can drive you to work harder.

梦想是强大的，它可以驱使你更加努力。[云南省 2020 中考 单项选择]

rain hard 下大雨

(1)It was raining hard.

雨下得很大。[易懂例句]

make/find it hard to do sth 做某事很困难

(1)That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it.

这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难。[浙江卷 2021 高考 七选五]

a hard surface 坚硬的表面

(1)They are hard, dry and easily broken.

它们是坚硬的，干燥的，并且容易破碎的。[易懂例句]

hard work 艰辛的工作

(1)But it was hard work.

但是这是辛苦的工作。[全国卷 2019 高考 听力]

a hard nut to crack 棘手的人或事情

(1)Building such a bridge over the bay was a hard nut to crack.

在海湾上建这样一座桥是件难事。[江苏卷 2020 高考 单项选择]

类似拼写词

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hard adj. 坚实的；牢固的；坚硬的；猛烈的；沉重的；难以忍受的；困苦的；可靠的；确凿无疑的；真实的；有力的；强烈的；含无机盐的；软腭爆破音

hand n. 手；似手之物；支配；掌管；体力劳动者；一手牌；掌；帮助

hare n. 野兔；（Hare）人名：黑尔

harm n. 伤害；损失；损害；坏处；危险

card n. 厚纸片；薄纸板；信用卡；纸牌；雇员档案；日程表；节目单；古怪的人；梳理机

词源

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"Old English hard, heard, of Germanic origin; related to Dutch hard and German hart."

考纲分布

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近6年出现838次

重要程度: 5星

98%; adj/adv 努力的(地)

1%; adv/adj 艰难/困苦的(地）

0%; adj/adv 坚硬的; 坚实的; 变硬

0%; adj 严厉的; 苛刻的

0%; adj/adv 沉重的; 猛烈地; 用力地

0%; adj (hard-boiled)煮熟的; 煮老的

0%; adj 有力的; 强烈的; 烈性的

考纲释义

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( 1)adj/adv. 努力的(地)

英文释义：with great effort or energy

真题例句：

He played and practiced hard in the high school.

他在高中时努力地训练。[2020年 锦州市卷 完形填空]

He also does well in his exams because he works very hard on his studies.

他的考试成绩也很好，因为他在学习上非常努力。[2020年 天津市卷 完型填空]

How hard the volunteer worked to get more kids back to school!

为了让更多的孩子重返校园，志愿者是多么努力啊！[2020年 上海市卷 阅读理解]

( 2)adv/adj. 艰难/困苦的(地）

英文释义：difficult to understand, do, experience, or deal with

真题例句：

The hardest part about any task is getting started.

任何任务最难的部分是开始。[2020年 长沙市卷 阅读理解]

It didn't look that hard—just move your legs while you were standing.

这看起来并不难——只要在你站立的时候移动你的腿。[2019年 安徽省卷 词语填空]

It was so hard for her to accept this.

这让她很难接受。[2018年 重庆市卷 阅读理解]

( 3)adj/adv. 坚硬的; 坚实的; 变硬

英文释义：not easily cut, pierced, or divided

真题例句：

There are also "hard" martial arts.

也有“硬”的武术。[2021年 百色市卷 阅读理解]

The world is full of yin and yang: dark and light, soft and hard, female and male.

世界充满了阴和阳：黑暗和光明，柔软和坚硬，女性和男性。[2021年 宿迁市卷 阅读理解]

It is between a rock and a hard place.

它介于岩石和坚硬的地方之间。[2019年 昆明市卷 书面表达]

( 4)adj. 严厉的; 苛刻的

英文释义：not pleasant or gentle

真题例句：

Because Yu Gong had strong will and hard work.

因为愚公有坚强的意志和勤奋的精神。[2021年 深圳市卷 阅读理解]

People shouldn't push their kids so hard.

人们不应该把孩子逼得太紧。[2019年 齐齐哈尔市卷 阅读理解]

( 5)adj/adv. 沉重的; 猛烈地; 用力地

真题例句：

shouldn't push their kids so hard.

不应该把他们的孩子逼得那么紧[2021年 滨州市卷 英汉互译]

Try to be relaxed and don't hold the pencil so hard.

尽量放松，不要用力握铅笔。[2019年 黄冈市卷 阅读理解]

( 6)adj. (hard-boiled)煮熟的; 煮老的

真题例句：

They can be cooked in lots of ways such as fried or hard-boiled.

它们可以通过多种方式烹饪，例如油炸或煮熟。[2019年 苏州市卷 听力]

( 7)adj. 有力的; 强烈的; 烈性的

真题例句：

Use of hard drugs is increasing as a result of these drugs becoming cheaper and easier to buy.

由于这些药物变得更便宜和更容易购买，烈性药物的使用正在增加。[2018年 贵阳市卷 书面表达]

必考短语

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(1)hard time艰难时刻；艰苦岁月

(2)hard work辛勤工作；艰苦工作

(3)die hard消失得很慢

(4)study hard努力学习；用功

(5)try hard努力尝试着；力图

(6)work hard努力工作；辛勤工作

(7)hard drug致瘾的麻醉品

必考派生词

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harder adj. 更困难的；更硬的；更冷酷无情的；更努力的；（hard的比较级）

hardship n. 艰难；困苦

hardness n. 困难；坚硬；冷酷；硬性

用法讲解

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hard表示“猛烈地”时，相当于heavily。可以用来形容雨/雪下的很大。 如：It’s raining hard/heavily.雨下得正大。

a hard time表示一个人的“困难时期”，而hard times则表示“不景气”。 示例：(1) I know he's had a hard time lately. 我知道他最近过的很艰难。 (2) You need to learn how to manage your money during hard times. 在不景气的时代，你得学会管理好自己的钱财。

考纲分布

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近12年出现55次

重要程度: 5星

93%; adj 困难的; 辛苦的

7%; adj 硬的; 坚固的

考纲释义

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( 1)adj. 困难的; 辛苦的

真题例句：

You can't help wondering how hard it was for the people then to put all those rocks into place.

你不禁会想，当时人们把这些石头放回原处有多难。[2021年 新高考Ⅰ卷 语法填空]

He built a hugely successful career with little more than plain old hard work and determination.

他建立了一个非常成功的职业生涯，不仅仅是简单的努力工作和决心。[2021年 浙江卷 阅读理解]

This was harder than it sounds.

这比听起来要难。[2021年 新高考Ⅰ卷 完形填空]

( 2)adj. 硬的; 坚固的

真题例句：

No matter how attractive they look in the store, once I get them home they're unfailingly dry, hard, and tasteless.

不管它们在店里看起来有多吸引人，一旦我把它们带回家，它们就会永远干枯、坚硬、无味。[2015年 全国卷1 阅读理解]

必考派生词

---

harden v. 变硬；使冷酷无情；变明确；升水

hardship n. 艰难；困苦

考纲分布

---

近9年出现109次

重要程度: 5星

54%; adj 困难的

31%; adv/adj 努力地; 艰难地

12%; adj 严厉的; 苛刻的

3%; adj 坚固的; 坚硬的

0%; adv 猛烈地

考纲释义

---

( 1)adj. 困难的

英文释义：difficult to do or to understand

真题例句：

If people do not know how much they are eating, it can be really hard for them to stick to a diet.

如果人们不知道自己吃了多少，他们就很难坚持节食。[2021年 CET4 阅读理解C]

Data shows us the ladder to success gets harder for women to climb the further up they go.

数据显示，在通往成功的阶梯上，女性越往上爬越困难。[2020年 CET4 阅读理解A]

It's not because fresh ingredients are hard to come by.

这并不是因为新鲜的食材很难获得。[2020年 CET4 阅读理解B]

( 2)adv/adj. 努力地; 艰难地

英文释义：carried on with steady and earnest effort

真题例句：

A conclusion has been drawn from many experiments that anumeric people have a hard time distinguishing quantities.

从许多实验中得出的结论是：不懂数字的人很难区分数量。[2021年 CET4 阅读理解B]

It was a hard task to remove the spilled substance.

清除溢出的物质是一项艰巨的任务。[2020年 CET4 听力]

It was a hard and tedious job.

这是一项艰难而乏味的工作。[2020年 CET4 听力]

( 3)adj. 严厉的; 苛刻的

英文释义：not pleasant or gentle

( 4)adj. 坚固的; 坚硬的

英文释义：not easily cut; pierced; or divided

( 5)adv. 猛烈地

英文释义：with great effort or energy

必考短语

---

(1)hard sell硬推销; 强行推销

(2)hard time艰难时刻

必考派生词

---

harden v. 变硬；使冷酷无情；变明确；升水

hardship n. 艰难；困苦

单词辨析

---

difficult difficult 比 hard 较为正式，侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。

difficulty 指需大量思考和技巧或努力才能克服的任何困难。

hard 含义广，通俗用词，与 easy 相对，泛指任何难理解，不好处理或不易做的事。

hardship 侧重指生活上令人难以承受的艰难困苦，如疾病、贫穷等磨难。

firm 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性，一旦变形会很快恢复原形。

hard 指硬实的难以按下、切开、弄碎等。

用法讲解

---

a hard time表示一个人的“困难时期”，而hard times则表示“不景气”。 示例：(1) I know he's had a hard time lately. 我知道他最近过的很艰难。 (2) You need to learn how to manage your money during hard times. 在不景气的时代，你得学会管理好自己的钱财。

考纲分布

---

近9年出现105次

重要程度: 5星

56%; adv/adj 努力地; 艰难地

35%; adj 困难的

5%; adj 坚固的; 坚硬的

4%; adv 猛烈地

考纲释义

---

( 1)adv/adj. 努力地; 艰难地

英文释义：carried on with steady and earnest effort

真题例句：

They try hard to appear optimistic.

他们努力表现得乐观。[2021年 CET6 听力]

Why many people fight so hard for success.

为什么很多人那么努力争取成功。[2021年 CET6 听力]

This hard-won sense of self-acceptance is one of the joys of being an older woman.

这种来之不易的自我接纳感是年长女性的乐趣之一。[2021年 CET6 阅读理解]

( 2)adj. 困难的

英文释义：difficult to do or to understand

真题例句：

It is not hard to mess up an interview.

把面试搞砸并不难。[2021年 CET6 听力]

It's hard to ignore social media as a screening tool.

很难忽视社交媒体作为一种筛选工具。[2021年 CET6 阅读理解C]

Sometimes, it is a hard nut to crack without an expert's help.

有时，没有专家的帮助，这是一个很难解决的问题。[2021年 CET6 阅读理解]

( 3)adj. 坚固的; 坚硬的

英文释义：not easily cut, pierced, or divided

真题例句：

Because as human beings, we are hard-wired to optimize.

因为作为人类，我们与生俱来就会优化。[2021年 CET6 听力]

If personalities are hard-wired into our genes, what can governments do to help us?

如果个性是与生俱来的，那么政府能做些什么来帮助我们呢？[2021年 CET6 阅读理解]

( 4)adv. 猛烈地

英文释义：with great effort or energy

必考派生词

---

harden v. 变硬；使冷酷无情；变明确；升水

hardy adj. 能吃苦耐劳的；强壮的；耐寒的

hardship n. 艰难；困苦

单词辨析

---

difficult difficult 比 hard 较为正式, 侧重需要特别的能力、智力、判断力、技巧或勇气才能克服障碍。也可指深奥或抽象的难题。

difficulty 指需大量思考和技巧或努力才能克服的任何困难。

hard 含义广, 通俗用词, 与 easy 相对, 泛指任何难理解, 不好处理或不易做的事。

hardship 侧重指生活上令人难以承受的艰难困苦, 如疾病、贫穷等磨难。

firm 侧重指质地坚硬、不易切割或有弹性, 一旦变形会很快恢复原形。

hard 指硬实的难以按下、切开、弄碎等。

用法讲解

---

a hard time表示一个人的“困难时期”，而hard times则表示“不景气”。 示例：(1) I know he's had a hard time lately. 我知道他最近过的很艰难。 (2) You need to learn how to manage your money during hard times. 在不景气的时代，你得学会管理好自己的钱财。

考纲分布

---

近16年出现75次

重要程度: 5星

60%; adj 难懂的; 困难的

11%; adv/adj 艰难地; 困苦的

7%; adj/adv 努力的(地)

7%; adj (hard-wired)固有的; 天生的

5%; adj/adv 坚硬的; 坚固地

4%; adj 可靠的; 确凿的

3%; phr (hard sell)强行推销

3%; adj 寒冷的; 凛冽的

1%; adj 严厉的; 苛刻的

0%; adj (人)坚强的

0%; adj/adv 沉重的; 猛烈地

0%; adj (水质)硬的; 酒精浓度高的

0%; adv 完全地; 最大程度上地

考纲释义

---

( 1)adj. 难懂的; 困难的

英文释义：difficult to do or to understand

真题例句：

It's not hard to imagine a similar reversal happening in London.

不难想象，类似的逆转也会发生在伦敦。[2020年 英语二 阅读理解A]

It's not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students.

对他们来说，转变思维过程并不像对高年级学生那样困难。[2016年 英语二 阅读理解A]

It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.

该州认为，法官很难评估快速变化的新技术的影响。[2015年 英语一 阅读理解A]

( 2)adv/adj. 艰难地; 困苦的

英文释义：carried on with steady and earnest effort

真题例句：

"It's a really hard thing to do and it's a tremendous luxury that BuzzFeed doesn't have a legacy business," Peretti remarked.

Peretti表示：“BuzzFeed没有传统业务，这是一件非常困难的事情，也是一件非常奢侈的事情。”[2016年 英语一 阅读理解A]

Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time.

艰难的时刻可能会在最不合时宜的时候让你陷入困境。[2015年 英语二 阅读理解B]

We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.

我们要拭目以待，看看这些艰难时期将如何重塑我们的社会结构。[2012年 英语二 阅读理解A]

( 3)adj/adv. 努力的(地)

英文释义：with great effort or energy

真题例句：

Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.

综上所述，还有一点很重要，那就是我们不应该为了快乐而太过努力。[2016年 英语二 阅读理解B]

Law-school debt means that they have to work fearsomely hard.

法学院的债务意味着他们必须非常努力地工作。[2014年 英语一 阅读理解A]

No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.

没有人比失业者更努力地在这场全国性的经济灾难中寻找一线希望。[2012年 英语二 阅读理解A]

( 4)adj. (hard-wired)固有的; 天生的

真题例句：

If we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds.

如果我们在判断某人是否危险，我们的大脑和身体会本能地在几毫秒内做出非常快速的反应。[2013年 英语二 阅读理解A]

We can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

我们可以减少甚至消除我们快速、本能的反应带来的负面影响。[2013年 英语二 阅读理解A]

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals.

我们通过停顿来抑制本能反应的能力是我们与动物的区别所在。[2013年 英语二 阅读理解A]

( 5)adj/adv. 坚硬的; 坚固地

英文释义：not easily cut, pierced, or divided

真题例句：

Here's what hard science reveals about eye contact.

以下是硬科学揭示的关于眼神交流的信息。[2020年 英语一 阅读理解B]

( 6)adj. 可靠的; 确凿的

真题例句：

Scientists say the compound is likely to cause cancer but have no hard scientific proof on the basis of the precautionary principle.

科学家们表示，这种化合物可能会导致癌症，但在预防原则的基础上还没有确凿的科学证据。[2020年 英语一 完型填空]

( 7)phr. (hard sell)强行推销

真题例句：

Regenerative products could be a hard sell, because the concept is tough to define quickly.

再生产品可能是一种强行推销，因为人们很难快速定义这个概念。[2022年 英语二 阅读理解A]

( 8)adj. 寒冷的; 凛冽的

英文释义：very cold and severe

( 9)adj. 严厉的; 苛刻的

英文释义：not pleasant or gentle

( 10)adj. (人)坚强的

( 11)adj/adv. 沉重的; 猛烈地

( 12)adj. (水质)硬的; 酒精浓度高的

( 13)adv. 完全地; 最大程度上地

英文释义：to the fullest extent possible

必考短语

---

(1)hard sell硬推销；强行推销

(2)hard time艰难时刻

(3)hard work繁重的工作

必考派生词

---

harden v. 变硬；使冷酷无情；变明确；升水

harder adj. 更困难的；更硬的；更冷酷无情的；更努力的；（hard的比较级）

hardline adj. 不妥协的；强硬的

hardship n. 艰难；困苦

用法讲解

---

表示“困难的” hard指事情不好理解、处理或不容易做的。 difficult指因需要努力或技巧而难以做成、理解或处理的。尤指在一段时间内需耗费大量体力和精力才能完成的。 tough因存在或将会引发问题等而难以完成或处理的，尤指在情感上难以抉择的。

(1)Bumming hard, guys. Bumming hard.

越来越过分了...《Friends Season 10》《老友记 第十季》

(2)Driving a bus is quite hard. Selling ice-cream is quite hard. Running a supermarket check-Out is quite hard.

开公交车还是挺难的。卖冰淇淋也挺难的。在超市的收银台为大家结账也很难。《Peppa Pig Season 3》《小猪佩奇 第三季》

(3)Studying is hard and boring. Teaching is hard and boring.

学习很困难很枯燥，教书很困难很枯燥。《An Education》《成长教育》

(4)Driving a bus is quite hard. Selling ice-cream is quite hard. Running a supermarket check-out is quite hard.

开公共汽车确实很难。卖冰淇淋确实很难。负责一个超市的收银台确实很难。《Peppa Pig》《小猪佩奇（精选版）》

(5)Driving a bus is quite hard. Selling ice-cream is quite hard. Running a supermarket check-out is quite hard.

开公交车还是挺难的。卖冰淇淋也挺难的。在超市的收银台为大家结账也很难。《Get fluent spoken English in 100 days》《100天养成流利口语》

(6)How hard did she stomp? Very hard. Okay I'm good.

她践踏得多狠？相当狠。好吧，好受多了。《The Big Bang Theory Season 4》《生活大爆炸 第四季》

(7)Come on, give him a hard one. That was a hard one.

拜托，问个难的。这就是难的。《The Big Bang Theory Season 8》《生活大爆炸 第八季》

(8)Wasn't even that hard.

也没那么难。《The Big Bang Theory Season 10》《生活大爆炸 第十季》

(9)Okay. Rock, hard place. Me.

我好尴尬。《Friends Season 1》《老友记第一季》

(10)It's not that hard to learn.

要学也不困难。《Friends Season 2》《老友记 第二季》

(11)It's a really hard choice.

这真的很难选择。《Street Dance of China S4》《这就是街舞》

(12)You work hard, you pay your taxes…

工作努力，交税…《House of Cards Season 3》《纸牌屋 第三季》

(13)Oh Mon, I laughed so hard. Ho-ho, so hard we had to throw out your underwear again?

莫，我笑得很大声…你笑到又拉了一裤子？《Friends Season 7》《老友记 第七季》

(14)Now, for the actual hard part.

现在，才是真正困难的部分。《Girl Meets World Season 1》《女孩成长记 第一季》

(15)George is trying really hard, but he's running out of breath. George, you didn't blow hard enough.

乔治已经很使劲地在吹啦，他都快没气啦！乔治 你吹得都快没气啦！《Peppa Pig Season 2》《粉红猪小妹 第二季》

(16)Being pregnant is hard on your tummy.

怀孕真难吃东西。《Friends Season 4》《老友记 第四季》

(17)How was your nap? I slept hard.

休息好了吗？睡的很香。《Sex and the City 2》《欲望都市2》

(18)Hard to talk about. I'm sure. Sorry.

谈这话题很难。那是肯定的。对不起。《Room》《房间》

(19)That shouldn't be too hard to spot.

那应该不难鉴别的吧。《Flipped》《怦然心动》

(20)Peppa, you're not looking hard enough. Alright. I'll look really hard and I still won't see anything.

佩奇 这说明你没看仔细。好吧！我会很仔细地去看，可是还是没看见什么呀。《Peppa Pig Season 2》《粉红猪小妹 第二季》